Una mirada multiescalar de las transiciones energéticas justas. Reflexión a partir de la revisión de marcos interpretativos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15648/Collectivus.vol10num1.2023.3567Palabras clave:
Transición energética justa, justicia energética, transformaciones sociales-ecológicas, descarbonizaciónResumen
La transición energética justa se ha instalado en las agendas de los tomadores de decisiones, organizaciones y academia, y su debate se encuentra en un auge debido principalmente a la conjunción de las crisis climática y ecológica que está experimentando el planeta, junto a los altos niveles de pobreza, desigualdad y discriminación, atrayendo distintas miradas que convergen y disputan el término. La diversidad de perspectivas y agendas implica la existencia de múltiples focos, tanto al momento de observar el problema como al momento de establecer principios de acción para su superación. A través del presente documento se busca hacer el ejercicio de revisar antecedentes y conceptualizaciones desde estas distintas perspectivas y su incidencia en el reconocimiento de las problemáticas derivadas de la operación de los sistemas energéticos. A partir de la observación de los orígenes, definiciones y transformaciones conceptuales que han sucedido en torno a estos marcos de interpretación, se realiza un análisis en cuanto a sus tensiones y convergencias, desde el reconocimiento de los sujetos, objetivos, territorios y temporalidades involucradas en cada perspectiva. No se pretende cerrar el debate con una definición de transición energética justa, sino reconocer elementos que puedan dialogar desde las distintas conceptualizaciones y agendas, y que respondan a la problematización con una mirada situada y que a su vez permitan posicionar con una propuesta para abordar el proceso y responder ante las limitantes de las distintas agendas de transición energética justa.
Biografía del autor/a
Paz Araya Jofré, Núcleo de Estudios Sistémicos Transdisciplinarios
Magíster en Economía Energética. Núcleo de Estudios Sistémicos Transdisciplinarios (NEST-R3). Av. Capitán Ignacio Carrera Pinto #1045. Dirección de correo electrónico: paz.araya@hu-berlin.de
Matías Fleischmann González , Núcleo de Estudios Sistémicos Transdisciplinarios
Licenciado en Antropología, mención en Antropología Social. Núcleo de Estudios Sistémicos Transdisciplinarios (NEST-R3). Av. Capitán Ignacio Carrera Pinto #1045. Dirección de correo electrónico: matias.fleischmann@uchile.cl
Antonia Reyes Suárez, Núcleo de Estudios Sistémicos Transdisciplinarios
Licenciada en Antropología. Núcleo de Estudios Sistémicos Transdisciplinarios (NEST-R3). Av. Capitán Ignacio Carrera Pinto #1045. Dirección de correo electrónico: antonia.reyes.s@ug.uchile.cl
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Council of the European Union. (2018). Silesia Declaration on Solidarity and Just Transition. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-14545-2018-REV-1/en/pdf
Feenstra, M., & Özerol, G. (2021). Energy justice as a search light for gender-energy nexus: Towards a conceptual framework. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 138, 110668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110668
Flores-Fernández, C. (2020). The Chilean energy “transition”: between successful policy and the assimilation of a post-political energy condition. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 33(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2020.1749836
Fornillo, B. (2018). Hacia una definición de transición energética para Sudamérica: antropoceno, geopolítica y posdesarrollo. Prácticas de Oficio. Investigación y Reflexión En Ciencias Sociales, 20. http://ides.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5-FORNILLO.pdf
García-García, P., Carpintero, Ó., & Buendía, L. (2020). Just energy transitions to low carbon economies: A review of the concept and its effects on labour and income. Energy Research & Social Science, 70, 101664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101664
Geels, F. W. (2020). Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 152, 119894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119894
Geels, F. W., & Schot, J. (2010). The dynamics of transitions: a socio-technical perspective. In Transitions to sustainable development: new directions in the study of long term transformative change (pp. 11–104). Routledge.
Geels, F. W., & Turnheim, B. (2022). The Great Reconfiguration: A Socio-Technical Analysis of Low-Carbon Transitions in UK Electricity, Heat, and Mobility Systems (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009198233
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Healy, N., & Barry, J. (2017). Politicizing energy justice and energy system transitions: Fossil fuel divestment and a “just transition.” Energy Policy, 108, 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.06.014
Healy, N., Stephens, J. C., & Malin, S. A. (2019). Embodied energy injustices: Unveiling and politicizing the transboundary harms of fossil fuel extractivism and fossil fuel supply chains. Energy Research & Social Science, 48, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.09.016
Heffron, R. J., & McCauley, D. (2018). ¿What is the ‘Just Transition’? Geoforum, 88, 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.11.016
Huber, M. (2013). Fueling Capitalism: Oil, the Regulation Approach, and the Ecology of Capital: Fueling Capitalism. Economic Geography, 89(2), 171–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecge.12006
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Jenkins, K. E. H., Sovacool, B. K., Błachowicz, A., & Lauer, A. (2020). Politicising the Just Transition: Linking global climate policy, Nationally Determined Contributions and targeted research agendas. Geoforum, 115, 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.05.012
Jenkins, K. E. H., Stephens, J. C., Reames, T. G., & Hernández, D. (2020). Towards impactful energy justice research: Transforming the power of academic engagement. Energy Research & Social Science, 67, 101510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101510
Jenkins, K., McCauley, D., Heffron, R., Stephan, H., & Rehner, R. (2016). Energy justice: A conceptual review. Energy Research & Social Science, 11, 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.10.004
McCauley, D. (2018). Energy Justice: Re-Balancing the Trilemma of Security, Poverty and Climate Change. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62494-5
Meadowcroft, J. (2009). What about the politics? Sustainable development, transition management, and long term energy transitions. Policy Sciences, 42(4), 323–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-009-9097-z
Moore, J. W. (2000). Sugar and the Expansion of the Early Modern World-Economy: Commodity Frontiers, Ecological Transformation, and Industrialization. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 23(3), 409–433.
Morena, E., Stevis, D., Shelton, R., Krause, D., Mertins-Kirkwood, H., Price, V., Azzi, D., & Helmerich, N. (2018). Mapping Just Transition(s) to a Low-Carbon World (p. 36). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).
Newell, P. (2019). Transformismo or transformation? The global political economy of energy transitions. Review of International Political Economy, 26(1), 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2018.1511448
Newell, P. (2021a). Race and the politics of energy transitions. Energy Research & Social Science, 71, 101839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101839
Newell, P. (2021b). Power Shift: The Global Political Economy of Energy Transitions (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108966184
Rabi, V., Pino, F., Fontecilla, F., & Lecourt, J. (2021). Transición Justa en Latinoamérica: De la Transición a la Transformación. Proyecto Transición Justa en Latinoamérica (TJLA), Coordinado por ONG CERES, CEUS Chile, y ONG FIMA. https://transicionjusta.com
Rosemberg, A. (2017). Strengthening Just Transition Policies in International Climate Governance. Policy Analisis Brief. (p. 16). The Stanley Foundation.
Sánchez, J., Domínguez, R., León, M., Samaniego, J., & Sunkel, O. (2019). Recursos naturales, medio ambiente y sostenibilidad: 70 años de pensamiento de la CEPAL. CEPAL. https://repositorio.cepal.org/handle/11362/44785
Simcock, N., Thomson, H., & Petrova, S. (Eds.). (2018). Energy poverty and vulnerability: a global perspective. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Sovacool, B. K., & Dworkin, M. H. (2015). Energy justice: Conceptual insights and practical applications. Applied Energy, 142, 435–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.002
Svampa, M. (2019). Las fronteras del neoextractivismo en América Latina: Conflictos socioambientales, giro ecoterritorial y nuevas dependencias. Bielefeld University Press. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839445266
Tainter, J. A. (2011). The collapse of complex societies (23. print). Cambridge Univ. Press.
Thaler, P., & Hofmann, B. (2022). The impossible energy trinity: Energy security, sustainability, and sovereignty in cross-border electricity systems. Political Geography, 94, 102579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102579
Velicu, I., & Barca, S. (2020). The Just Transition and its work of inequality. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1814585
Walker, G. (2009). Beyond Distribution and Proximity: Exploring the Multiple Spatialities of Environmental Justice. Antipode, 41(4), 614–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00691.x
Walker, G., & Bulkeley, H. (2006). Geographies of environmental justice. Geoforum, 37(5), 655–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.12.002
Walker, G., & Day, R. (2012). Fuel poverty as injustice: Integrating distribution, recognition and procedure in the struggle for affordable warmth. Energy Policy, 49, 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.044
Avelino, F., & Wittmayer, J. M. (2016). Shifting Power Relations in Sustainability Transitions: A Multi-actor Perspective. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 18(5), 628–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2015.1112259
Bazilian, M. D., Carley, S., Konisky, D., Zerriffi, H., Pai, S., & Handler, B. (2021). Expanding the scope of just transitions: Towards localized solutions and community-level dynamics. Energy Research & Social Science, 80, 102245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102245
Bertinat, P., & Chemes, J. (2020). Aportes del sector energético: A una transición social-ecológica (No. 9; Cuadernos de La Transformación, p. 58). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/mexiko/16911.pdf
Blondeel, M., Bradshaw, M. J., Bridge, G., & Kuzemko, C. (2021). The geopolitics of energy system transformation: A review. Geography Compass, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12580
Bombaerts, G., Jenkins, K., Sanusi, Y. A., & Guoyu, W. (Eds.). (2020). Energy Justice Across Borders. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24021-9
Bond, P. (2010). Climate Justice Politics across Space and Scale. Human Geography, 3(2), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/194277861000300204
Bouzarovski, S., & Simcock, N. (2017). Spatializing energy justice. Energy Policy, 107, 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.064
Brand, U., & Görg, C. (2001). The Regulation of the Market and the Transformation of the Societal Relationships with Nature. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 12(4), 67–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/104557501101245252
Brand, U., Marlis, G., & Alexandra, S. (2012). Socio-Ecological Transformation and Energy Policy in Latin America and Europe. Papers and thesis papers for the International Seminar in Viena, 11-14 JUly 20212 (p. 101). Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Brussels. https://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/sonst_publikationen/Vienna2012-Papers-and-Thesis-Papers.pdf
Brand, U., & Wissen, M. (2017). Social-Ecological Transformation. In D. Richardson, N. Castree, M. F. Goodchild, A. Kobayashi, W. Liu, & R. A. Marston (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology (pp. 1–9). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0690
Bues, A., & Gailing, L. (2016). Energy Transitions and Power: Between Governmentality and Depoliticization. In L. Gailing & T. Moss (Eds.), Conceptualizing Germany’s Energy Transition (pp. 69–91). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50593-4_5
Burke, M. J., & Stephens, J. C. (2017). Energy democracy: Goals and policy instruments for sociotechnical transitions. Energy Research & Social Science, 33, 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.024
Council of the European Union. (2018). Silesia Declaration on Solidarity and Just Transition. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-14545-2018-REV-1/en/pdf
Feenstra, M., & Özerol, G. (2021). Energy justice as a search light for gender-energy nexus: Towards a conceptual framework. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 138, 110668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110668
Flores-Fernández, C. (2020). The Chilean energy “transition”: between successful policy and the assimilation of a post-political energy condition. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 33(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2020.1749836
Fornillo, B. (2018). Hacia una definición de transición energética para Sudamérica: antropoceno, geopolítica y posdesarrollo. Prácticas de Oficio. Investigación y Reflexión En Ciencias Sociales, 20. http://ides.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5-FORNILLO.pdf
García-García, P., Carpintero, Ó., & Buendía, L. (2020). Just energy transitions to low carbon economies: A review of the concept and its effects on labour and income. Energy Research & Social Science, 70, 101664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101664
Geels, F. W. (2020). Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 152, 119894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119894
Geels, F. W., & Schot, J. (2010). The dynamics of transitions: a socio-technical perspective. In Transitions to sustainable development: new directions in the study of long term transformative change (pp. 11–104). Routledge.
Geels, F. W., & Turnheim, B. (2022). The Great Reconfiguration: A Socio-Technical Analysis of Low-Carbon Transitions in UK Electricity, Heat, and Mobility Systems (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009198233
GIZ, NDC Partnership, United Nations, Climate Change, World Bank Group, & World Resources Institute. (2019). Historical GHG Emissions. Climate Watch. https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?breakBy=sector&chartType=percentage&end_year=2016&source=CAIT&start_year=1990
Gudynas, E. (2010). Diez tesis urgentes sobre el nuevo extractivismo. Contextos y demandas bajo el progresismo sudamericano actual. In Extractivismo, política y sociedad (pp. 187–225). Centro Andino de Acción Popular (CAAP) de Ecuador y el Centro Latino Americano de Ecología Social (CLAES).
Healy, N., & Barry, J. (2017). Politicizing energy justice and energy system transitions: Fossil fuel divestment and a “just transition.” Energy Policy, 108, 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.06.014
Healy, N., Stephens, J. C., & Malin, S. A. (2019). Embodied energy injustices: Unveiling and politicizing the transboundary harms of fossil fuel extractivism and fossil fuel supply chains. Energy Research & Social Science, 48, 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.09.016
Heffron, R. J., & McCauley, D. (2018). ¿What is the ‘Just Transition’? Geoforum, 88, 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.11.016
Huber, M. (2013). Fueling Capitalism: Oil, the Regulation Approach, and the Ecology of Capital: Fueling Capitalism. Economic Geography, 89(2), 171–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecge.12006
International Energy Agency. (2021). Net Zero by 2050. A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector (IEA Publications, p. 224). IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050
International Energy Agency. (2022). The Role of Critical World Energy Outlook Special Report Minerals in Clean Energy Transition (IEA Publications, p. 287). https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions
Jenkins, K. E. H., Sovacool, B. K., Błachowicz, A., & Lauer, A. (2020). Politicising the Just Transition: Linking global climate policy, Nationally Determined Contributions and targeted research agendas. Geoforum, 115, 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.05.012
Jenkins, K. E. H., Stephens, J. C., Reames, T. G., & Hernández, D. (2020). Towards impactful energy justice research: Transforming the power of academic engagement. Energy Research & Social Science, 67, 101510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101510
Jenkins, K., McCauley, D., Heffron, R., Stephan, H., & Rehner, R. (2016). Energy justice: A conceptual review. Energy Research & Social Science, 11, 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.10.004
McCauley, D. (2018). Energy Justice: Re-Balancing the Trilemma of Security, Poverty and Climate Change. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62494-5
Meadowcroft, J. (2009). What about the politics? Sustainable development, transition management, and long term energy transitions. Policy Sciences, 42(4), 323–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-009-9097-z
Moore, J. W. (2000). Sugar and the Expansion of the Early Modern World-Economy: Commodity Frontiers, Ecological Transformation, and Industrialization. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 23(3), 409–433.
Morena, E., Stevis, D., Shelton, R., Krause, D., Mertins-Kirkwood, H., Price, V., Azzi, D., & Helmerich, N. (2018). Mapping Just Transition(s) to a Low-Carbon World (p. 36). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).
Newell, P. (2019). Transformismo or transformation? The global political economy of energy transitions. Review of International Political Economy, 26(1), 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2018.1511448
Newell, P. (2021a). Race and the politics of energy transitions. Energy Research & Social Science, 71, 101839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101839
Newell, P. (2021b). Power Shift: The Global Political Economy of Energy Transitions (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108966184
Rabi, V., Pino, F., Fontecilla, F., & Lecourt, J. (2021). Transición Justa en Latinoamérica: De la Transición a la Transformación. Proyecto Transición Justa en Latinoamérica (TJLA), Coordinado por ONG CERES, CEUS Chile, y ONG FIMA. https://transicionjusta.com
Rosemberg, A. (2017). Strengthening Just Transition Policies in International Climate Governance. Policy Analisis Brief. (p. 16). The Stanley Foundation.
Sánchez, J., Domínguez, R., León, M., Samaniego, J., & Sunkel, O. (2019). Recursos naturales, medio ambiente y sostenibilidad: 70 años de pensamiento de la CEPAL. CEPAL. https://repositorio.cepal.org/handle/11362/44785
Simcock, N., Thomson, H., & Petrova, S. (Eds.). (2018). Energy poverty and vulnerability: a global perspective. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Sovacool, B. K., & Dworkin, M. H. (2015). Energy justice: Conceptual insights and practical applications. Applied Energy, 142, 435–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.002
Svampa, M. (2019). Las fronteras del neoextractivismo en América Latina: Conflictos socioambientales, giro ecoterritorial y nuevas dependencias. Bielefeld University Press. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839445266
Tainter, J. A. (2011). The collapse of complex societies (23. print). Cambridge Univ. Press.
Thaler, P., & Hofmann, B. (2022). The impossible energy trinity: Energy security, sustainability, and sovereignty in cross-border electricity systems. Political Geography, 94, 102579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102579
Velicu, I., & Barca, S. (2020). The Just Transition and its work of inequality. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1814585
Walker, G. (2009). Beyond Distribution and Proximity: Exploring the Multiple Spatialities of Environmental Justice. Antipode, 41(4), 614–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00691.x
Walker, G., & Bulkeley, H. (2006). Geographies of environmental justice. Geoforum, 37(5), 655–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.12.002
Walker, G., & Day, R. (2012). Fuel poverty as injustice: Integrating distribution, recognition and procedure in the struggle for affordable warmth. Energy Policy, 49, 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.044
Cómo citar
Araya Jofré, P., Fleischmann González , M., & Reyes Suárez, A. (2023). Una mirada multiescalar de las transiciones energéticas justas. Reflexión a partir de la revisión de marcos interpretativos . Collectivus, Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 10(1), 111–146. https://doi.org/10.15648/Collectivus.vol10num1.2023.3567
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